Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by other European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century. Kingdoms and empires such as Kingdom of Dagbon in the north and the Ashanti Empire in the south emerged over the centuries. The Bono state existed in the area that is modern day Ghana during the 11th century. The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states. The capital and largest city is Accra other major cities are Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi. With over 32 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), spanning diverse biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana ( / ˈ ɡ ɑː n ə/ ( listen) Twi: Gaana, Ewe: Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa.
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